What, where, how and when
What were the purposes of these objects?
Different types of Map
Political Map:
It helps to understand the geography of the world.
They show the geographic boundaries between governmental units such as countries, states, and counties.
They also show roads, cities, national borders, capital cities etc.
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Physical Map
Physical maps are designed to show the natural landscape features of Earth. It depicts the natural features of the Earth's surface.
It includes landforms, water bodies, vegetation etc.
Thematic Map
Thematic maps focus on presenting specific themes or topics, such as population distribution, climate patterns, economy, or land use, language, temperature, agricultural land use etc.
Our Past teaches us:
What people used to eat, the type of clothes they used to wear, the houses in which they lived.
The lives of hunters, herders, farmers, rulers, merchants, priests, craftspersons, artists, musicians, and scientists.
The games children used to play, the stories they heard, and the songs they sang.
Where did they live?
People have lived on the banks of the Narmada for several thousand years. The earliest of them were skilled gatherers—people who gathered their food.
People who gathered their food are called as Skilled gatherers. They are aware about the properties and massive wealth of plants in the surrounding forests. They not only gathered forest products such as plant roots, fruits, and leaves, etc. but also hunt animals for their food.
8000 YEARS AGO- Near Sulaiman and Kirthar hills in present-day Pakistan, crops like wheat and barley were first grown . People also began rearing animals like sheep, goat, and cattle. They lived in villages. Agriculture developed near the Garo hills and near the Vindhyas. Rice was first grown in the north of the Vindhyas.
4700 YEARS AGO- Some of the earliest cities flourished about on the banks of the Indus and its tributaries (Jhelum, Chenab, Sutlej etc.).
2500 YEARS AGO- Cities also developed on the banks of the Ganga and its tributaries (Yamuna, Ghaghra, Son, Chambal and Kosi).
Many large kingdoms were set up along these rivers.
People travelled from one place to another and interacted with each other, thus sharing ideas. This has enriched our culture. They travelled in search for livelihood and to escape from natural disasters like floods or droughts. Sometimes, men marched in armies, merchants travelled in caravans, religious teachers walked to preach their messages. People from across the frontiers came into the subcontinent and settled here. All there journey enriched the culture.
Complete the Flow Chart
Our country is known by both words, i.e., India and Bharat.
1) The word India comes from the Indus, called Sindhu in Sanskrit. The Iranians and the Greeks who came through the northwest about 2500 years ago called it the Hindos or the Indos, and the land to the east of the river was called India.
2) The name Bharata was used for a group of people who lived in the northwest and who are mentioned in the Rigveda, the earliest composition in Sanskrit (dated about 3500 years ago). Later it was used for the country.
The word "Bharat" appears in the Rig Veda, one of the oldest texts of Hinduism, as the name of a tribe. The tribe was said to be descended from a king named Bharata, who was the son of Dushyanta and Shakuntala.
Different sources through which historical details can be collected
Historical books
Documentaries and Films
Museums and Exhibits
Personal Interviews
Online websites
Oral history collection or books written in the past
Photographs
Artefacts
Two types of sources of history?
Literary Sources and Archaeological sources
Literary sources are those that are written. Examples include books, manuscripts, letters, diaries, journals, and other written documents that describes the past.
Archaeological Sources are historical objects or artefacts that can give an idea of the time period in which they are found. Examples include Monuments, coins, inscriptions, tools, weapons, utensils, tools, clothing, Paintings, sculptures etc.
Manuscripts
Old books, called manuscripts, were usually written on palm leaf or the bark of the birch tree. They are helpful in revealing our past.
The word manuscript literally means ‘handwritten’.
They provide evidence of human activity, and as such, are generated naturally during the course of an individual’s or an organization’s life.
Advantages
Historical Value: Manuscripts provide insights into past cultures, events, and ways of thinking.
Artistic Value: Many manuscripts are beautifully illustrated and decorated, showcasing the artistic skills of their creators.
Versatility: Manuscripts can cover a wide range of subjects, including literature, philosophy, science, and religion.
Accessibility: While some manuscripts may be housed in museums or specialized collections, many are accessible to researchers, scholars, and the public.
Disadvantages
Fragility: Manuscripts are often made from delicate materials such as leaves or paper, making them susceptible to damage from environmental factors like humidity, light, and insects.
Limited Availability: Some manuscripts are rare or unique.
Language Barrier: Many manuscripts are written in ancient languages.
Reproduction Challenges: Reproducing manuscripts accurately can be difficult.
Inscriptions
Archaeologists have also found inscriptions, which are an engraved form of writing on hard surfaces, such as stone or metal. They were used for various purposes. Inscriptions are writings on relatively hard surfaces such as stone or metal. In the past, when kings wanted their orders inscribed so that people could see, read and obey them, they used inscriptions for this purpose. There are other kinds of inscriptions as well, where men and women (including kings and queens) recorded what they did. For example, records of victories in battle.
Advantages:
Durability: Inscriptions, can withstand the test of time, preserving information for future generations.
Permanence: Once inscribed, the content of an inscription is relatively stable and less susceptible to degradation compared to manuscripts.
Accessibility: Inscriptions, particularly those in public spaces like monuments or buildings, are often readily accessible to the public.
Cultural Significance: Inscriptions can serve as important cultural markers, commemorating events, individuals, or beliefs.
Disadvantages:
Limited Context for the information.
Accessibility Challenges due to location or condition, limiting opportunities for study and interpretation.
Inscriptions are vulnerable to destruction, weathering, and other forms of damage.
Interpretation Issues: Deciphering ancient inscriptions can be challenging due to changes in language over time or lack of available historical records.
Archaeologists and Historians
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- The people who study objects made and used in the past are called archaeologists. They explore and excavate to find old objects. They also look for bones of living beings to find what people ate.
- They analyse material culture, such as pottery, tools, buildings, and other objects left behind by past human societies, in order to understand past cultures, societies, and behaviours.
- Shovels, trowels, spades, brushes, sieves, buckets, measuring tapes, line levels, storage bags, pens, and pencils are some of the common tools that an archaeologist may carry with them to most digs.
- Archaeologists use various methods, including excavation, surveying, dating techniques, and analysis of artefacts, to piece together the story of past civilizations and societies.
- They help us to understand human history, help to uncover ancient civilizations, reconstruct past ways of life, and shed light on the development of human societies over time.
Historian
- A historian is a scholar or researcher who studies and analyses the past through the examination of written records, documents, and other sources of evidence.
- They rely on written sources such as letters, diaries, official records, manuscripts, newspapers, and other documents to piece together narratives about historical events and developments.
- They create history through sourcing, comparing sources and contextualization.
- Their research involves analysing and interpreting texts, assessing their reliability, and constructing narratives and explanations based on historical evidence.
- Historians may work in academic institutions, research centres, museums, libraries, and other organizations dedicated to the study of history.
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