MAJOR DOMAINS OF THE EARTH

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 There are four main components of the environment.

Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Biosphere.

The solid portion of the Earth on which we live is called the Lithosphere.

The gaseous layer that surrounds the Earth is the Atmosphere.

The area covered by water is called Hydrosphere.

The zone which contains all forms of life is called Biosphere.

Lithosphere

It comprises the rocks of the earth’s crust and the thin layers of soil.

There are two main divisions of the earth’s surface.

The large landmasses are known as the continents.

The huge water bodies are called the ocean basins.

The zone which contains all forms of life is called Biosphere.

Lithosphere

  • It comprises the rocks of the earth’s crust and the thin layers of soil.
  • There are two main divisions of the earth’s surface.
  • The large landmasses are known as the continents.
  • The huge water bodies are called the ocean basins.

Continents

  • There are seven major continents.
  • The greater part of the land mass lies in the Northern Hemisphere.
  • Asia is the largest continent.
  • The combined landmass of Europe and Asia is called Eurasia.
  • Africa is the second largest continent. It is the only continent through which the Tropic of Cancer, the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn pass.
  • North America is the third largest continent of the world.
  • South America and North America are linked by a very narrow strip of land called the Isthmus of Panama.
  • Australia is the smallest continent. It is also called an island continent.
  • Antarctica is permanently covered with thick ice sheets. India has three researh stations , which are: Bharati, Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri.
  • India has a research station named as Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri at Antarctica. .


Hydrosphere

  • More than 71 % per cent of the Earth is covered with water, therefore, the Earth is called the blue planet.
  • Hydrosphere contains water in all forms, such as lakes, rivers, glaciers, underground water and the water vapour in atmosphere. 
  • More than 97% of the Earth’s water is found in the oceans.
  • Only 0.03% is of fresh water. 

Oceans

  • The four major oceans are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.
  • The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean.
  • The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean.
  • The Indian Ocean is the only ocean named after a country, that is, India.
  • The Arctic Ocean is located within the Arctic Circle.

Atmosphere

The atmosphere protects us from the harmful effects of the sun’s rays.
The atmosphere extends up to a height of about 1,600 kilometres.
The atmosphere is divided into five layers—the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere and the exosphere.
The atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.



Biosphere – The Domain of Life

  • The biosphere is the narrow zone of contact between the land, water and air.
  • All the living organisms including humans are linked to each other and to the biosphere for survival.
  • The organisms in the biosphere may broadly be divided into the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom.
  • Increase in the amount of C02 leads to an increase in global temperature. This is termed as global warming.
  • The earth is the only planet where human beings find three life sustaining elements—land, water and air.




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