Class Notes

What is the specialty of Ashoka's Lion Capital at Surnath? The four lions capital has been adopted as the national emblem of India. Four lions standing back to back, symbolizing Ashoka's rule over the four cardinal directions. The capital has four Asiatic lions—symbolising power, courage, pride and confidence—seated on a circular abacus It contains Dharma Chakra- Wheel of Dharma, representing the Buddha's teachings and the principles of dharma. Other animals demonstrated on the pillar are horse, bull and elephant. Horse- Energy, power, speed Bull- Strength Elephant- Wisdom and long life It contains his dharma prin ciples also. How did Chandragupta rule the empire? Why Mauryans considered as both dynasty and empire? How did Ashoka spread his messages? Who were dhamma mahamatta? Officials who were appointed by Ashoka to teach people about Dhamama. Which are the principles of  Ashoka's Dhamma ? We should live together in peace and harmony. We should follow ahimsa, or non-...

  Municipal Corporation Municipal Corporation takes care of street lights, garbage collection, and water supply and keeps the streets and the market clean.  They are also responsible for ensuring that diseases do not break out in the city.  They run schools, hospitals and dispensaries and make gardens and maintain them.  In a big city, this is called a Municipal Corporation. In smaller towns, it is called a Municipal Council. Municipal Councillor A municipal councillor is also called a ward councillor, who is an elected representative of the ward. City is divided into different wards and ward councillors get elected. Decisions that affect the entire city taken by groups of councillors.  They f orm committees to decide and debate issues related to city life.  Duties of the Ward Councillors: Ward Councillors make the budget. They look into the demands of their respective Wards. They assign the task of implementation to the administrative staff. Administrative...

  The idea of National Movement originated after different political organisations came into effect after the period of 1850’s. Most of such organizations were made between the years 1870 to 1880. There were also various reasons behind the Indian National Movement. Reasons Behind Indian National Movement The Arms Act was made in the year 1878. In the period between 1850 and 1880, many political organizations were made. These organizations had numerous well-educated people who knew the pain of being controlled. Indian National Congress, Poona Sarvajanik sabha, Madras Mahajan Sabha, Bombay Presidency Association and many others. Problems associated with the introduction of Ilbert Bill by Viceroy Ripon (1883-allow senior Indian magistrates for the trials of Europeans in India) The infamous Vernacular Press Act was made by Lord Lytton and it was passed in the year 1878 to suppress the Indian Press who criticised the government & its various actions. Formation of the Indian Nationa...

  Notes: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Tom Sawyer - The young protagonist of the novel. Living with his aunt at St. Petersburg, Missouri. Tom has a penchant for adventure and "showing off." . Tom is a mischievous boy with an active imagination who spends most of the novel getting himself, and often his friends, into and out of trouble. Despite his mischief, Tom has a good heart and a strong moral conscience. Constantly getting into mischief, he bunks from school and would rather go swimming than tend to his Sunday school lessons. Blessed with an active imagination, Tom dreams to be a noble robber such as Robin Hood or a pirate. Hungry for attention, Tom is obsessed with appearing noble and obtaining the envy of his peers. However, Tom is extremely clever and possesses an incredible insight on human nature. Throughout the novel, Tom must learn to listen to his conscience and become accountable for his actions. As the novel progresses, he begins to take m...