Class Notes

  1. Who were the Earliest People? The earliest humans lived millions of years ago . They were called hunter-gatherers . They hunted animals and gathered fruits, roots, and seeds. They lived in caves, rock shelters, or under trees . They had no permanent homes and moved from place to place ( nomadic life ). 2. Features of Early Humans Used stone tools for cutting, hunting, and protection Discovered fire (for cooking, warmth, and safety) Lived in groups for protection Did not practise farming in the beginning Lived a simple life (no writing, no permanent houses) 3. Division of the Stone Age The Stone Age is divided into three periods: a) Palaeolithic Age (Old Stone Age) Time: 2 million years ago – 10,000 BCE Used rough, unpolished tools Lived in caves Depended on hunting and gathering Discovery of fire Example: Bhimbetka (India) b) Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age) Time: 10,000 BCE – 8,000 BCE Tools became small and sha...

About the Author Munshi Premchand was one of the greatest writers of Hindi and Urdu literature. His real name was Dhanpat Rai Srivastava . He wrote many short stories and novels based on real-life situations, focusing on poverty, social issues, and human values. His writing is simple, meaningful, and full of moral lessons. My Elder Brother is written by him and shows the relationship between two brothers in a realistic and touching way. He is also known as the “Upanyas Samrat”. Summary The story describes the relationship between two brothers with very different personalities. The elder brother is serious, hardworking, and always studying, though he does not score well in exams. The younger brother, who is the narrator, enjoys playing games and flying kites instead of studying. The elder brother often scolds him and gives long lectures about discipline and hard work. However, despite his strict nature, he cares deeply for his younger brother. In the end, when the elder brother joins...

GRADE 8 Part A – Speaking Activity Task:  Record a short video (1–2 minutes) on the topic:   “How did I spend my summer break with my sibling?” Instructions:  Make your video interesting and creative by including: ●        A catchy introduction (you can start with a question, dialogue, or fun expression) ●        At least 2–3 activities you enjoyed together (e.g., games, trips, cooking, helping at home) ●        Your feelings and what you learned from spending time together ●        A creative element (use props, role-play, short enactment, drawings, or background music) ●        You may include your sibling in the video for a small conversation or a fun moment!  Part B: Writing Task (Email Writing) Topic: Write an email to your friend sharing the cooking lessons and experiences you had with your family during the s...

  Stanza Explanation “The mighty Himavant is ours—there’s no equal anywhere on earth.” The poet says that the great Himalayas belong to India, and no other mountain in the world is as grand. “The generous Ganga is ours—which other river can match her grace?” The River Ganga is very special and sacred. No other river is as pure and important. “The sacred Upanishads are ours—what scriptures else to name with them?” India has great religious texts like the Upanishads, which teach deep spiritual knowledge. “This sunny golden land is ours—she’s peerless, let’s praise her!” India is beautiful, rich, and unique. The poet says we should feel proud and praise our country. “Gallant warriors have lived here, many a sage has sanctified this land.” Brave soldiers and wise saints have lived in India and made it great. “The divinest music has been heard here, and here all auspicious things are found.” India is known for beautiful music and many good and positive things. “Here Brahma...